27th IFHTSE CONGRESS & EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HEAT TREATMENT 2022

One of the main advantages of additive manufacturing processes is the fabrication of near net shape components of complex shape. Among the materials that can be processed with this technique, the Ti6Al4V alloy has proved to be an excellent candidate in several application fields, including aerospace, biomedical and dental.
Several works are present in the technical and scientific literature...

Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) is maturing as a production route and is gaining a strong foothold within industry. MAM covers several different methods including laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and binder jetting. A common feature of the MAM methods, such as LPBF, is the unorthodox microstructure resulting from the very rapid solidification, inherent to the process. This provides new...

The aim of this work is to investigate the behavior of “as-build” (produced by additive manufacturing, 3D printed) maraging steel in simultaneous surface coating and aging process. In the frame of the study coating experiments on maraging M1 grade steel substrate were carried out. The “as-build” maraging steel parts were produced by selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The “as-build” 3D...

Inconel 718 has a number of advantageous properties, especially at elevated temperatures and in aggressive corrosion media. Disadvantages are the high price, the difficult formability and machinability and the partly limited wear resistance.
For overcoming the given limitations, the aim of our research activities was to develop a technology for the wire-based (Inconel 718) cladding using...

As environmental concerns and the law of energy resources become more prevalent around the world, almost all sectors must take action to address these two critical challenges. The production/manufacturing sector also takes precautions regarding these two important issues both in the product life cycles it produces and in the products they supply. Primary ingots, which are used as raw materials...

Aluminum alloys are widely preferred in industrial applications such as automotive, defence and aerospace industries because of their advanced characteristics such as high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and castability. Cast aluminum alloys are frequently heat-treated to change their mechanical properties.

In this study, the effects of stress-relief heat treatment on the...

The development and implementation of new coatings and layers with a specific complex of physicochemical, mechanical, and functional properties are of significant fundamental and applied importance for expanding the performance characteristics of machine parts and tools and increasing their service life. The excellent resistance of boron-based diffusion layers and coatings to abrasive,...

The vapor film collapse that occurs in the quenching process is complicated and affects the heat treatment quality.
However, in the past, in order to formulate the vapor film collapse on a simulation, it was necessary to perform a very large amount of computational calculation (CFD), which was a problem in terms of computer resources.
In this study, the vapor film collapse phenomenon is...

In contrast to conventional quenching processes in liquids, the quenching intensity and characteristics
of high-pressure gas quenching can be adjusted by variation of the gas velocity and pressure. The local
quenching intensity and hence the resulting hardness or distortion are not only depending on the
quenching parameters but are also influenced by the batch built and the part itself....

Impingement jets are widely applied in industrial cooling and drying processes. In continuous heat treatment lines of aluminium and steel strips impingement jets are used to achieve rapid cooling in the according sections. The heat transfer coefficient depends on the flow but also on the geometric parameters such as nozzle to strip distance and nozzle shape. Various nozzle shapes, slot...

Abstract
For several technical engineering applications, steels are of great emphasis. Heat treatment of steels intents to attain the pre-determined material properties. After austenitisation in vacuum, gas quenching is a widely preferred heat treatment process, since in contrast to quenching by fluids, it is cleaner and more environment friendly process. In addition, gas quenching does...

Introduction
Fine Particle Peening (FPP) is one of the cold working process to improve fatigue strength. FPP is used in a wide range of industries such as automobiles and aircraft. FPP is a process which shots collide with specimen. Work hardening increases the hardness of the specimen surface and improves the fatigue strength of the specimen. In FPP, the shots are released from the nozzle by...

Elucidation of the mechanism of distortion and residual stress generation in quenched steel parts has been a longstanding issue. A qualitative explanation on stress distribution changes in quenched rods appeared in the 1930s when residual stress measurements became available for the specimens. In particular, the explanation of stress changes during quenching of pure iron rods has continued to...

In this study, the Heat Transfer Coefficients (HTC) occurring during immersion quenching are predicted using a machine learning regression technique. This paper describes a statistical analysis of HTC by developing an artificial neural network-based machine learning model.

The effects of variation in the quecnhant's temperature, initial temperature and characteristics of measured cooling...

A customer quenches small cylindrical parts using induction hardening, followed by dropping the parts into a quench ring. A polymer quenchant is used to control distortion and residual stresses. In a small percentage of parts, the cylinders would experience soft spots on the cylinder sides. This was usually just a single location, where the hardness could be as much as 20HRC below the...

Global warming is one of the biggest threats to our environment. Therefore, energy efficiency measures as well as emission reduction have become a top priority for large energy consuming industrial sectors like the field of industrial furnaces. The change in the European energy police has important significance for the industry in terms of reducing CO2 emissions. Based on these challenges,...

One measure to achieve the demanding future climate targets with regard to CO2 reduction is to reduce the energy consumption of thermal process plants. In the field of case hardening of transmission components, low-pressure carburizing systems with high-pressure gas quenching are often used in the automotive and supplier industries. Components treated with this technology are clean, free of...

In this paper we examine a modified quench ring for quenching small cylinders. Parts are heated by induction, and then dropped into an immersion quench ring. Previous investigation had indicated that inadequate quenching of the parts was occurring due to poor agitation in the original quench ring. A new design was created, and the agitation was modeled using CFD. The microstructure of the...

The European Green Deal aims at a 90 to 95 % reduction of CO2-emissions within the year 2050 compared to 1990 and identified different solutions to reach these goals. For process heating purposes, direct use of electricity and use of hydrogen produced from renewable energies are mainly discussed. Hydrogen can be used in various applications to substitute fossil energy carriers, especially in...

Since quenching in cold water usually leads to distortions of the quenched component, it is obvious to either increase the temperature of the quenching bath (if necessary to near boiling point) or to use a different quenching medium, e.g. polymer solutions and gaseous media, respectively. In all cases, this is usually associated with higher investments and/or operating costs.

It would be...

The 2050 carbon emissions targets aiming to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C are particularly impacting the industrial sector including heat-treatment processing with high energy intensity and significant needs of industrial gases. Thus the reduction of the CO2 emissions linked to heat-treating of metals is becoming critical and the related carbon footprint must be carefully...

The optimal strip flatness of stainless martensitic steels is a mandatory requirement for many components in microelectronics or medical technology in order to fulfil the function or manufacture of the products. In the context of energy efficiency, there are increasing demands for thinner materials, e.g. for valves in compressors.
In modern plants, stainless steel strips are quenched using...

Keyword : decarbonization, Heat-treatment, CO2 calculation, CO2 reduction, energy saving

Forvia is the new entity gathering the French automotive supplier Faurecia and German Hella, involved in an ambitious plan to reach carbon neutrality : 2025 for internal operations and 2050 for all operations. Heat-treatment facilities are one major contributor to CO2 exhaustion in a classical plant,...

Quenching is an important process step in the heat treatment of metallic materials in continuous strip lines, as it is crucial to the resulting material properties of the final product. For many modern high-strength materials, the required cooling rates cannot be achieved while using conventional gas cooling systems. Therefore, the material has to be cooled with water. Water can be applied to...

The materials science, including surface engineering has to be seen in a new approach as well. Learning from the mother nature it may- and has- to contribute to the sustainability of the development on the Earth, to the decrease of the deleterious effects of the technical development on environment, to help to prevent the uncontrolled climate change and the loss of biodiversity on Earth.
The...

Laboratory measurements make it possible to determine the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) depending on the position and surface temperature for different cooling configurations. The HTC evaluation allows to identify the effect of different parameters on cooling. The design and setting of cooling parameters directly affects the microstructure, hardness and mechanical properties of materials....

Sören Segerberg passed away July 27 at age 78. Born in 1943 he graduated from Materials Science and Engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, 1968 with a degree in metallurgical science. Sören Segerberg was a leading expert in the quenching area. From 1979 and the next 25 years he worked in research and development at the Institute for Engineering Technology...

Dr. Soren Segerberg played a significant role in development of the ISO 9950 method used for characterisation of quenchants used for hardening processes. Based on these efforts "ivf Quenchometer", the market leader product intended for Heat Treaters and Quenchant producers has been introduced at the late 1980s. The 2nd generation of the instrument became available in 2002 and have been used in...

Researches and standardization activities for establishing the quenchant characterization test have been carried out in many countries for a long time. As a result, ISO 9950 using Inconel 600 rod probe was established internationally in 1995. However, there has not been much commentary on the works in Japan, and this paper aims to improve the situation. Past studies on the test systems in...

The quenching process and the quenching media in use are of great importance for the suc-cess of the heat treatment process. The quenchant and its heat transfer properties significant-ly influences the resulting mechanical properties and the dimensional change and intensity of distortion.

All current considerations in the field of quenchants are conducted with the objective of opti-mizing...

Quenching with aqueous polymer solutions has some distinct advantages over classical oil quenching. Among these are the good environmental properties and the possibility to adjust the quenching performance between oil and water quenching.Nevertheless, critical aspects must also be taken into account. When quenching steel parts with polymer solutions, explosive phenomena can occur, often...

Traditionally, the heat treatment of mass production and/or bulk parts is carried out with atmospheric mesh belt furnaces, which allow large volumes of production at a high rate. Faced with the evolution of the industry which wants to be cleaner, safer, while being always more competitive, the suppliers of production equipments develop new technologies to answer these challenges.
ECM...

High hardenability of steels is related to the presence of alloying elements, which enable quenching in less severe media, which are characterized by low cooling rates. However, such alloying elements increase the cost of steel. Considering the possibility of developing quenching heat treatments with lower cost steels and achieving hardness values close to those of alloyed steels, this article...

The ISO 20431 standard is currently being finalized and will be available soon. Experts from 7 countries (Canada, Austria, Germany, Italy, Japan, China and France) have been working on this project for several years. This standard is designed to be flexible and can be used worldwide in different industrial sectors (automotive, aerospace, civil engineering, energy, fasteners, etc.). The...

Quenching Research Centre (QRC) has been established at the beginning of 2010 by the financial support for excellence of the Ministry of Science Education and Sport, of the Republic of Croatia. The main investigation and research possibilities and potentials of the QRC are: quenching in liquids or in a salt bath and cooling by high pressure gases. As a result of long term research the...

The innovation pressure in the last decay has continued and will even accelerate the transformation for the next ten years. The need for sustainable production profoundly impacts the supplier industry, and it opens new ways to increase manufacturing efficiency. Metallurgy is a crucial part of the supply chain, and alternative production methods have become more popular, not at least because of...

Polymer quenchants are used extensively to quench a large variety of materials, in a variety of processes. Polymer quenchants can be used for immersion quenching of steel, aluminum, and other alloys, including super alloys. Spray quenching is commonly used for induction hardening. There are predominately four different types of polymer quenchants used in industry today.
To achieve...

Many companies being active in heat treatment are facing numerous inefficiencies like non reliable first level sensors and process instrumentation, diverse IT-systems, limited information exchange between sensors and plant units, lack of consistent and standardized data (management). Companies generate high direct and indirect costs through all business processes resulting uneconomic...