27th IFHTSE CONGRESS & EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON HEAT TREATMENT 2022

Conferences are where this Federation was created and what it was created for. These events, and in the wider sense the „exchange of information… among technologists and scientists“, as the statutes say, have been changing substantially over the years and are changing no less substantially in our time.
The mere chance to meet in person was anything but a given in the Federation’s first two...

The microstructure-property relationships in martensitic steels are controlled in part by the initial austenite microstructure, as well as the tempering response and the presence and behavior of retained austenite. Furthermore, transformation-induced plasticity of austenite has been increasingly employed in recent years to enhance performance. These themes will be explored in the context of...

Additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable to produce complex three-dimensional parts directly from CAD models. Due to layer by layer formation, as-built materials typically show finer solidification microstructures and mechanical properties compared to the same parts produced by conventional routes. Well established that the elimination of any post treatment remains a big challenge of AM,...

Together with Ebner Industrieofenbau, ENRAG developed a fully transient plant model for continuous annealing lines. The model is directly connected to the plants automation system. It takes inputs like fuel flow and blower speeds and calculates the temperature distribution in the annealing line including the temperature of the steel strip in each point of the line. This information is then...

Within the research work of the transregional collaborative research centre TRR136, the so-called Process Signatures were determined for some processes that result due to an exclusively thermal load for the component surface layer. These Process Signatures represent correlations between material modifications (e.g. residual stress and hardness profile) and characteristic values of the material...

One of the main advantages of additive manufacturing processes is the fabrication of near net shape components of complex shape. Among the materials that can be processed with this technique, the Ti6Al4V alloy has proved to be an excellent candidate in several application fields, including aerospace, biomedical and dental.
Several works are present in the technical and scientific literature...

Carburizing and quenching are one of the surface modification treatments to impart mechanical properties to materials. Carburizing is a lengthy process, generally performed at approximately 1203 K. Conventional carburizing (gas carburizing or low pressure carburizing) is processed in batches. Consequently, this creates many in-process inventories, which negatively affects the production...

This work addresses the influence of the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment parameters on the mechanical properties and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) resistivity of 20MnSi wire rod steel. The retained austenite (RA) volume fraction in Q&P heat-treated wires is responsible for the high ductility. However, its influence on hydrogen embrittlement resistivity is still controversial in...

Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) is maturing as a production route and is gaining a strong foothold within industry. MAM covers several different methods including laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and binder jetting. A common feature of the MAM methods, such as LPBF, is the unorthodox microstructure resulting from the very rapid solidification, inherent to the process. This provides new...

The wear and fatigue properties of metallic components can be improved by surface heat treatment. The applied process should be chosen depending on the application, because the processes offer specific advantages and disadvantages. Nitriding is suitable for components sensitive to distortion, since due to the low treatment temperature no thorough phase transformation takes place. However, the...

With the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process, high-strength and crash-resistant steels for body in white applications with a good combination of local and global formability can be produced in continuous heat treatment lines. This is attributed to a fine-grained and homogeneous microstructure of tempered martensite and substantial amounts of stabilized retained austenite. This retained...

The aim of this work is to investigate the behavior of “as-build” (produced by additive manufacturing, 3D printed) maraging steel in simultaneous surface coating and aging process. In the frame of the study coating experiments on maraging M1 grade steel substrate were carried out. The “as-build” maraging steel parts were produced by selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The “as-build” 3D...

Highly stressed components such as gears are usually case-hardened according to the current state of the art in order to adjust the specific stressability at the tooth flank and root. The heat treatment process typically involves carburization followed by quenching to room temperature in gaseous or liquid media. In most cases, the result is a predominantly martensitic structure with finely...

Inconel 718 has a number of advantageous properties, especially at elevated temperatures and in aggressive corrosion media. Disadvantages are the high price, the difficult formability and machinability and the partly limited wear resistance.
For overcoming the given limitations, the aim of our research activities was to develop a technology for the wire-based (Inconel 718) cladding using...

Carbonitriding has shown great potential to further increase service life of components exposed to contact fatigue. In this project, the rolling contact fatigue properties of case hardened and carbonitrided 18CrNiMo7-6 were investigated. The aim was to qualitatively assess the impact of retained austenite on micropitting damage to further understand the underlying mechanisms of the...

As environmental concerns and the law of energy resources become more prevalent around the world, almost all sectors must take action to address these two critical challenges. The production/manufacturing sector also takes precautions regarding these two important issues both in the product life cycles it produces and in the products they supply. Primary ingots, which are used as raw materials...

Steel rebars are widely applied in the construction field. They are combined with concrete to obtain one of the most used construction composite material: reinforced concrete. The steels are responsible for the high tensile properties. In special chemical environments they suffer from corrosion. With low pH’s caused by carbonation they exhibit uniform corrosion, while in the presence of NaCl...

Aluminum alloys are widely preferred in industrial applications such as automotive, defence and aerospace industries because of their advanced characteristics such as high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and castability. Cast aluminum alloys are frequently heat-treated to change their mechanical properties.

In this study, the effects of stress-relief heat treatment on the...

In recent years the use of pushbelt Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT) in automotive applications has seen a strong worldwide growth. Currently over 75 million pushbelts have been produced by Bosch Transmission Technology, while Bosch continues to respond to market demands regarding electrification, efficiency, NVH, cost, and power density. Power density comprises the transmittable...

Energy efficient manufacturing chain for advanced bainitic steels based on thermo-mechanical processing

de Castro, P.J.(1), Dong, J.(1), Rocha, A.S.(2), Fechte-Heinen, R. (1,3), Epp, J.(1,3)

*(1)Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering-IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
(2)Metal Forming Laboratory – LdTM, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Federal University of Rio Grande...

In some applications, carbonitriding treatment is used to replace the carburizing treatment thanks to its ability to improve mechanical properties.

The aim of this study is to better understand the role of nitrogen on mechanical properties and microstructure. For this we studied the response of the 27MnCr5 steel to different carbonitriding treatments which target specific carbon and...

The development and implementation of new coatings and layers with a specific complex of physicochemical, mechanical, and functional properties are of significant fundamental and applied importance for expanding the performance characteristics of machine parts and tools and increasing their service life. The excellent resistance of boron-based diffusion layers and coatings to abrasive,...

In industry, thermochemical carbonitriding treatment is often followed by shot peening. Each of these processes generates surface microstructural modifications and residual compressive stresses which have a direct effect on the fatigue resistance. In the literature, these processes are often studied separately and therefore optimized independently.

This study focuses on these two processes,...

Surface Engineering has a long history and is one of the very few fields that has an extremely rich heritage coupled with ongoing evolution and adaptation and expansion into new areas and application. This process has evolved through many empirical trials and practices and some as an intricate art form. Surface engineering has been practiced by artisans for many centuries and by many...

Forming industry is confronted with ever increasing demands on productivity, quality and performance of tools and dies. The main limiting factors are wear and fatigue resistance. Good abrasive wear resistance is obtained by increasing material hardness, which however may hamper toughness and fatigue resistance. Therefore different surface engineering techniques like plasma nitriding are used...

Heat treatment of tool steels and high-speed steels comprises of hardening and multiple tempering in order to adjust the required material properties. After hardening, the material contains martensite and a significant amount of retained austenite which is due to an incomplete transformation of austenite into martensite because of their high alloying contents. Beside the formation of secondary...

The vapor film collapse that occurs in the quenching process is complicated and affects the heat treatment quality.
However, in the past, in order to formulate the vapor film collapse on a simulation, it was necessary to perform a very large amount of computational calculation (CFD), which was a problem in terms of computer resources.
In this study, the vapor film collapse phenomenon is...

In contrast to conventional quenching processes in liquids, the quenching intensity and characteristics
of high-pressure gas quenching can be adjusted by variation of the gas velocity and pressure. The local
quenching intensity and hence the resulting hardness or distortion are not only depending on the
quenching parameters but are also influenced by the batch built and the part itself....

The ferrous powder metallurgy industry is facing major upheavals currently, which however also offer opportunities. New materials and concepts, made possible by tailored design, are a way to prepare for new tasks. Alloying of PM steel through the the master alloy route is a concept that combines efficient usage of alloying elements, also of such with high oxygen affinity, with accelerated...

The Böhler K490 MicroClean tool steel was developed for hardening and tempering applications with the possibility of additional nitriding in plasma, gas or salt bath. Its application includes cold working tools and polymer processing tools. The paper analyses the influence of the choice of austenitization temperature, deep cryogenic treatment (DCT), tempering temperature and plasma nitriding...

Impingement jets are widely applied in industrial cooling and drying processes. In continuous heat treatment lines of aluminium and steel strips impingement jets are used to achieve rapid cooling in the according sections. The heat transfer coefficient depends on the flow but also on the geometric parameters such as nozzle to strip distance and nozzle shape. Various nozzle shapes, slot...

The active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) is a nitriding method that avoids the edge effects and arcing that occur during the conventional direct current plasma nitriding (DCPN). Furthermore, applying voltage to a sample during the ASPN increases the nitriding rate (S-DCPN). Although steel is the predominant screen material, there are few reports on non-ferrous material screens. Therefore,...

Abstract
For several technical engineering applications, steels are of great emphasis. Heat treatment of steels intents to attain the pre-determined material properties. After austenitisation in vacuum, gas quenching is a widely preferred heat treatment process, since in contrast to quenching by fluids, it is cleaner and more environment friendly process. In addition, gas quenching does...

Introduction
Fine Particle Peening (FPP) is one of the cold working process to improve fatigue strength. FPP is used in a wide range of industries such as automobiles and aircraft. FPP is a process which shots collide with specimen. Work hardening increases the hardness of the specimen surface and improves the fatigue strength of the specimen. In FPP, the shots are released from the nozzle by...

Corrosion resistance may be of some importance if the tools are operated in harsh environments that contain acids, seawater or other chemical substances. Therefore it is appropriate to control this property carefully, by using proper heat treatment route. One of possible ways how to change the corrosion resistance of tool steels is the application of cryogenic treatment. This treatment reduces...

High temperature solution nitriding (HTSN) of stainless steel was originally introduced in the early 1990s and is in many aspects the “stainless” analogue to carburizing of steels. Instead of introducing carbon to the surface, nitrogen is used. The process is normally carried out at temperatures above, say, 1050°C, using an atmosphere of molecular nitrogen at a fixed pressure in order to...

Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) is a heat treatment used to adjust the retained austenite content in the microstructure. The heat treatment consists of a hardening step followed by rapid cooling to a certain quenching temperature between martensite start and martensite finish temperature and subsequent partitioning, i.e. heating and then holding at temperature. During partitioning, the formed...

Elucidation of the mechanism of distortion and residual stress generation in quenched steel parts has been a longstanding issue. A qualitative explanation on stress distribution changes in quenched rods appeared in the 1930s when residual stress measurements became available for the specimens. In particular, the explanation of stress changes during quenching of pure iron rods has continued to...

Solution nitriding is a high temperature nitriding process carried out in a gaseous atmosphere composed of pure nitrogen under various pressure. It is notably used to reinforced stainless martensitic steels while limiting loss of stainless properties due to chromium precipitation. The aim of the study is to propose an approach based on thermodynamics considerations for identifying adequate...

In this study, the Heat Transfer Coefficients (HTC) occurring during immersion quenching are predicted using a machine learning regression technique. This paper describes a statistical analysis of HTC by developing an artificial neural network-based machine learning model.

The effects of variation in the quecnhant's temperature, initial temperature and characteristics of measured cooling...

High nitrogen austenitic stainless steels (HNAUSS) exhibit excellent corrosion resistance in combination with outstanding mechanical properties that outperform those of conventional austenitic stainless steels $^1$. In HNAUSS, the deformation mechanism is primarily planar slip $^2$. HNAUSS can be produced by melting in a high-pressure N-containing atmosphere, but higher nitrogen contents can...

Gaseous nitriding is a thermochemical surface treatment aiming surface strengthening of steels. The diffusion of nitrogen atoms in the ferritic matrix involves the precipitation of nano-scale alloying elements nitrides MN (M = Cr, V, Al…) that leads to secondary phase hardening and the generation of compressive residual stresses. Prior to nitriding, steels are quenched and tempered for...

Precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel 17-4 PH is a classic grade that receives renewed attention because of its suitability for metal additive manufacturing (MAM). Conventionally, 17-4 PH is subjected to austenitizing before it transforms into martensite during cooling. Subsequently, an aging treatment is performed to achieve strengthening by precipitation of copper particles. It...

Rich of more than 60 years development in industrial conditions, Salt bath nitrocarburizing (SBN) has been able to adapt itself to match standards in so different fields (Aeronautics, Energy, Automotive, Construction Equipment, Military…).

Thus, SBN is nowadays an essential surface treatment solution, globally established and recognized with more than 500.000 tons of parts yearly treated...

Titanium is a lightweight highly corrosion resistant material used in industrial applications as diverse as aerospace, biomedical, military and chemical processing. Titanium’s excellent biocompatibility makes it one of the materials of choice for implants and medical devices. Furthermore, titanium is widely used in 3D metal printed applications, which is becoming increasingly popular. However,...

A customer quenches small cylindrical parts using induction hardening, followed by dropping the parts into a quench ring. A polymer quenchant is used to control distortion and residual stresses. In a small percentage of parts, the cylinders would experience soft spots on the cylinder sides. This was usually just a single location, where the hardness could be as much as 20HRC below the...

Global warming is one of the biggest threats to our environment. Therefore, energy efficiency measures as well as emission reduction have become a top priority for large energy consuming industrial sectors like the field of industrial furnaces. The change in the European energy police has important significance for the industry in terms of reducing CO2 emissions. Based on these challenges,...

One measure to achieve the demanding future climate targets with regard to CO2 reduction is to reduce the energy consumption of thermal process plants. In the field of case hardening of transmission components, low-pressure carburizing systems with high-pressure gas quenching are often used in the automotive and supplier industries. Components treated with this technology are clean, free of...

In this paper we examine a modified quench ring for quenching small cylinders. Parts are heated by induction, and then dropped into an immersion quench ring. Previous investigation had indicated that inadequate quenching of the parts was occurring due to poor agitation in the original quench ring. A new design was created, and the agitation was modeled using CFD. The microstructure of the...

Hydraulic cylinders are one of the main products in the fluid power industry. During their service life, piston rods are exposed to corrosive environments and wear stresses. Thus, a suitable surface treatment for enhancement of corrosion- and wear resistance is of high importance to guarantee a long lifetime of the parts. The main requirements to piston rod coatings include high surface...

The European Green Deal aims at a 90 to 95 % reduction of CO2-emissions within the year 2050 compared to 1990 and identified different solutions to reach these goals. For process heating purposes, direct use of electricity and use of hydrogen produced from renewable energies are mainly discussed. Hydrogen can be used in various applications to substitute fossil energy carriers, especially in...

Since quenching in cold water usually leads to distortions of the quenched component, it is obvious to either increase the temperature of the quenching bath (if necessary to near boiling point) or to use a different quenching medium, e.g. polymer solutions and gaseous media, respectively. In all cases, this is usually associated with higher investments and/or operating costs.

It would be...

A passivation layer is present on the aluminum surface, and Al has a better affinity for oxygen than nitrogen so generation of aluminum oxide is easier than with aluminum nitride (AlN). Therefore, it is difficult to form the AlN on aluminum surface below the melting point. However, gas nitriding of aluminum is possible by using the barrel nitriding in which the oxygen partial pressure in the...

The 2050 carbon emissions targets aiming to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C are particularly impacting the industrial sector including heat-treatment processing with high energy intensity and significant needs of industrial gases. Thus the reduction of the CO2 emissions linked to heat-treating of metals is becoming critical and the related carbon footprint must be carefully...

The optimal strip flatness of stainless martensitic steels is a mandatory requirement for many components in microelectronics or medical technology in order to fulfil the function or manufacture of the products. In the context of energy efficiency, there are increasing demands for thinner materials, e.g. for valves in compressors.
In modern plants, stainless steel strips are quenched using...

Keyword : decarbonization, Heat-treatment, CO2 calculation, CO2 reduction, energy saving

Forvia is the new entity gathering the French automotive supplier Faurecia and German Hella, involved in an ambitious plan to reach carbon neutrality : 2025 for internal operations and 2050 for all operations. Heat-treatment facilities are one major contributor to CO2 exhaustion in a classical plant,...

Quenching is an important process step in the heat treatment of metallic materials in continuous strip lines, as it is crucial to the resulting material properties of the final product. For many modern high-strength materials, the required cooling rates cannot be achieved while using conventional gas cooling systems. Therefore, the material has to be cooled with water. Water can be applied to...

The materials science, including surface engineering has to be seen in a new approach as well. Learning from the mother nature it may- and has- to contribute to the sustainability of the development on the Earth, to the decrease of the deleterious effects of the technical development on environment, to help to prevent the uncontrolled climate change and the loss of biodiversity on Earth.
The...

Laboratory measurements make it possible to determine the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) depending on the position and surface temperature for different cooling configurations. The HTC evaluation allows to identify the effect of different parameters on cooling. The design and setting of cooling parameters directly affects the microstructure, hardness and mechanical properties of materials....

Recently, it has been reported that CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy (HEA) has excellent tensile strength and ductility at HEA at low temperatures. Through plasma nitriding at 673 K, an expanded fcc structure was formed on the surface of the HEA. Another study observed that dislocations were introduced on the surface of CoCrFeMn alloy powder through ball-milling. Simultaneously, strength...

Gas nitriding processes with cyclical rotation of ammonia and ammonia/air atmospheres are studied for surface strengthening of Cr-Ni corrosion resistant steels. One-, two-, and three-staged processes were experimentally investigated differing by gas atmospheres at the final stage of the processes. Gas-cyclic nitriding provides an intensification of saturation of alloyed steels with ...

A high-entropy alloy (HEA) is a multi-component alloy obtained by blending at least five metals with compositions of 5%~35%. Generally, HEAs are produced by arc melting and casting. The cast specimens undergo phase segregation and have heterogeneous microstructures. CoCrFeNi is the most investigated high-entropy alloy system. In this study, we used pure Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zr pure powders as...

The development of plasma nitrocarburizing processes for steel treatment is important for establishing of an environmentally friendly heat treatment process. One of the strategies is to apply the main discharge power on a so-called active screen (AS). The AS surrounding the workload provides heat and reactive species to the workload. The treatment conditions are controlled by the discharge...

The influence of solution treatment duration on microstructural and mechanical properties of a cold-rolled Ti-30Nb-12Zr-5Ta-2Sn-1.25Fe (wt.%) (TNZTSF) alloy was investigated in this study. The TNZTSF alloy was produced by cold-crucible induction in levitation synthesis technique, in argon-controlled atmosphere. After synthesis the alloy was processed by cold-rolling deformation, with a total...

The nickel super alloy 625 can be used for mechanical applications on the solid solution state but has its applicability in aeronautic, aerospace, marine, chemical and petrochemical industries when improvement on mechanical resistance by age-hardening treatments are performed. In this study the grain growth, precipitation and phase transformation were evaluated in a commercial superalloy 625....

The paper compares the abrasion and erosion resistance of two high-alloy tool steels, EN X153CrMoV12 and Böhler K390 MICROCLEAN, coated with multilayer coatings TiN / TiCN and TiN / Ti-B-N. Multilayer coatings were applied to hardened and tempered samples by pulsed direct current (DC) plasma-assisted chemical-vapour deposition (PACVD) process in the Rübig PC 70/90 industrial vacuum oven. The...

A precise understanding of compound layer growth on nitrocarburized steels requires fundamental investigations on nitrocarburizing of iron-based binary and ternary alloys. Such studies were extensively carried out for the case of nitriding. To this end, this study is devoted to understanding the role of V on the structure and morphology of iron-carbonitrides developed during salt bath...

Prior severe surface plastic deformation (SSPD) treatments have proven beneficial to low-temperature nitriding to achieve a thicker nitride layer, improved hardness, and wear resistance. Although extensive work has been reported on SSPD followed by nitriding; however, cyclic treatment of SSPD and low-temperature nitriding on austenitic steels (ASS) is not reported. Also, the role of...

AISI H13 tool steel presents a good combination of mechanical strength and toughness, with this, they are used, as examples, in the manufacture of aluminum extrusion dies, hot forging dies and injection molds of non-ferrous materials and polymers. These tools, in practice, are subjected to tensile and compression stresses during the heating and cooling process, which lead to thermal fatigue...

Selective laser melting technology (Powder Bed Fusion - " material melting in a pre-formed layer" according to ASTM classification) is one of the most promising additive manufacturing technologies because it has a number of fundamental advantages such as zero-waste, versatility, the ability to manufacture complex-shape parts with high accuracy that are not inferior to and sometimes exceeding...

For the determination of the hardness penetration depth in thermally hardened steel parts we present a non-destructive, contactless methodology based on laser-ultrasound and supervised machine learning. Ultrasound pulses are excited at the surface by a pulsed laser source. These propagate into the sample and are preferentially backscattered at the interface between hardened layer and core due...

Induction thermal processing is found in modern production lines as it brings benefits in time and energy savings and allows increased reproducibility and integration in a manufacturing chain. Simulation and experimental studies addressing induction hardening have been widely performed in opposition to induction tempering, which has not been extensively studied. However, applying an optimum...

AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel plates were austenitized in Ar or solution nitrided in 0.5 bar N2 gas at 1150 °C for 2 h. Both austenitized and solution nitrided conditions were cold rolled to different engineering strains by 10‒70 % thickness reduction. The most heavily deformed coupons were subsequently annealed at various temperatures for up to 1 hour. Gaseous nitriding of the deformed...

Sören Segerberg passed away July 27 at age 78. Born in 1943 he graduated from Materials Science and Engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, 1968 with a degree in metallurgical science. Sören Segerberg was a leading expert in the quenching area. From 1979 and the next 25 years he worked in research and development at the Institute for Engineering Technology...

Surface hardening treatments such as nitriding can improve the mechanical properties to extend the applicability of austenitic stainless steel (ASS) fine and precise machining. Improving these characteristics without changing the design and material is highly advantageous, particularly for medical and surgical instruments. In particular, an improved bending rigidity of medical injection...

Dr. Soren Segerberg played a significant role in development of the ISO 9950 method used for characterisation of quenchants used for hardening processes. Based on these efforts "ivf Quenchometer", the market leader product intended for Heat Treaters and Quenchant producers has been introduced at the late 1980s. The 2nd generation of the instrument became available in 2002 and have been used in...

In the paper, authors explore the possibility of applying convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to the solution of coupled electromagnetic and thermal problem, i.e. the classical modeling of induction heating systems, traditionally solved by resorting to Finite Element Models. In fact, finite Element modeling is widely used for the design of induction heating systems also in industrial...

Researches and standardization activities for establishing the quenchant characterization test have been carried out in many countries for a long time. As a result, ISO 9950 using Inconel 600 rod probe was established internationally in 1995. However, there has not been much commentary on the works in Japan, and this paper aims to improve the situation. Past studies on the test systems in...

Almost all components in technical applications experience alternating mechanical stress during their use. This can cause damage to the material, which increases with each load cycle and can ultimately lead to a fracture of the component. With regard to harsh, corrosive environments, austenitic stainless alloys are the material of choice. However, this highly favorable property is often...

In order to avoid distortion of long and thin tools made out of high-speed steels during heat treatment, a continuous inductive heat treatment can be applied. A classical inductive heat treatment device consists of several inductors, which are aligned, in a row with a certain distance to each other. Due to this configuration, the material can undergo temperature variations during heat...

In the present work a new process route for martensitic stainless steel X30Cr13 (AISI 420) is pursued. Conventional austenitization or high temperature solution nitriding is followed by unconventional tempering and ‘ultra-low’ temperature gaseous nitriding. Tempering is performed in high vacuum and at higher temperatures than the recommended ones for X30Cr13. The relatively high tempering...

The quenching process and the quenching media in use are of great importance for the suc-cess of the heat treatment process. The quenchant and its heat transfer properties significant-ly influences the resulting mechanical properties and the dimensional change and intensity of distortion.

All current considerations in the field of quenchants are conducted with the objective of opti-mizing...

Electrothermal technologies, in particular induction heating, can play an important role on improving performance and quality in brazing and soldering metal joints. Induction heating, in comparison to other industrial heat treatments for brazing processes that are traditionally based on open flames, allows to induce heat directly inside the workpiece, reducing process time and costs, with...

Quenching with aqueous polymer solutions has some distinct advantages over classical oil quenching. Among these are the good environmental properties and the possibility to adjust the quenching performance between oil and water quenching.Nevertheless, critical aspects must also be taken into account. When quenching steel parts with polymer solutions, explosive phenomena can occur, often...

Traditionally, the heat treatment of mass production and/or bulk parts is carried out with atmospheric mesh belt furnaces, which allow large volumes of production at a high rate. Faced with the evolution of the industry which wants to be cleaner, safer, while being always more competitive, the suppliers of production equipments develop new technologies to answer these challenges.
ECM...

High hardenability of steels is related to the presence of alloying elements, which enable quenching in less severe media, which are characterized by low cooling rates. However, such alloying elements increase the cost of steel. Considering the possibility of developing quenching heat treatments with lower cost steels and achieving hardness values close to those of alloyed steels, this article...

Lifetime of an induction heating coil is an important factor directly influencing the economic and environmental attractiveness of an induction heating process. A vast majority of the induction coils are complex electrical devices made of pure copper, carrying extreme electrical currents to generate a strong alternating magnetic field, requiring a water-cooling channel to remove excessive heat...

The ISO 20431 standard is currently being finalized and will be available soon. Experts from 7 countries (Canada, Austria, Germany, Italy, Japan, China and France) have been working on this project for several years. This standard is designed to be flexible and can be used worldwide in different industrial sectors (automotive, aerospace, civil engineering, energy, fasteners, etc.). The...

The paper focuses on the calibration of a model of induction hardening of gear wheels. This process requires high precision and cannot be realized without an application of a good mathematical model to adjust the input parameters of heating and subsequent cooling to achieve the desired results, mainly the prescribed distribution of hardness and microstructure in surface layers of the tooth....

Quenching Research Centre (QRC) has been established at the beginning of 2010 by the financial support for excellence of the Ministry of Science Education and Sport, of the Republic of Croatia. The main investigation and research possibilities and potentials of the QRC are: quenching in liquids or in a salt bath and cooling by high pressure gases. As a result of long term research the...

The innovation pressure in the last decay has continued and will even accelerate the transformation for the next ten years. The need for sustainable production profoundly impacts the supplier industry, and it opens new ways to increase manufacturing efficiency. Metallurgy is a crucial part of the supply chain, and alternative production methods have become more popular, not at least because of...

Polymer quenchants are used extensively to quench a large variety of materials, in a variety of processes. Polymer quenchants can be used for immersion quenching of steel, aluminum, and other alloys, including super alloys. Spray quenching is commonly used for induction hardening. There are predominately four different types of polymer quenchants used in industry today.
To achieve...

Many companies being active in heat treatment are facing numerous inefficiencies like non reliable first level sensors and process instrumentation, diverse IT-systems, limited information exchange between sensors and plant units, lack of consistent and standardized data (management). Companies generate high direct and indirect costs through all business processes resulting uneconomic...