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Mr Markus Moll (SMR GmbH - Steel & Metals Market Research)30/09/2019, 15:35Oral PresentationDuplex stainless steels count for less than 2% of the stainless steel market today, but are expected to grow healthy (significantly higher than the overall stainless market) in the next 10 years. The presentation will show the historic development and status quo of the supply- and demand side of the duplex stainless steel market. It will list the biggest 20 producers world-wide and show the...Go to contribution page
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Vicente Afonso Ventrella (UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista)30/09/2019, 16:00The use of superduplex stainless steels in industry increases due to its characteristics that combine good mechanical properties and resistance to corrosion. The study of super duplex stainless steels is very important due to the development of activities in the area of oil and natural gas, mainly with the recent discovery of the pre-salt oil in Brazil. These industries operate in critical...Go to contribution page
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Stefano Miani (Ergolines Lab s.r.l.)30/09/2019, 16:00Today the mold thermal mapping technology is typically applied to the CCMs for slabs with solutions based on the installation of thermocouples (TC) or optical fibre cables (OFC), inserted into channels machined in the plate molds. The final installation is complex since every single mold must be machined and the quantity of cables is considerable, making any mold change a complex and...Go to contribution page
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Sascha Eppensteiner (EBNER Industrieofenbau GmbH)30/09/2019, 16:20Stainless steel strip products have a variety of challenging applications in different market segments. Depending on the application of the final product, different heat treatments concepts are required to achieve the target properties required by customers in the most cost-efficient way. This paper reviews the versatile heat treatment applications of continuous bright annealing lines...Go to contribution page
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Irene Calliari (University of Padova)30/09/2019, 16:20Duplex stainless steels (DSS) have a biphasic microstructure with equal proportions of austenite and ferrite, which gives them excellent mechanical strength and corrosion resistance compared to austenitic stainless steels. Nd:YAG pulsed laser welding affects the microstructure of DSS resulting in unbalanced microstructure which compromise their properties. As way to obtain a balanced...Go to contribution page
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Timo Manninen (Outokumpu)30/09/2019, 16:40Forming limit curves (FLCs) are widely used for predicting failure of sheet metals in press shop operations. An FLC is a borderline between safe and unsafe regions in the principal strain space. In other words, this curve defines the extent by which a specific material can be deformed without developing localized necking and incipient failure. In Europe, FLCs are commonly determined in the...Go to contribution page
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Dr Jongchul Kim (POSCO)30/09/2019, 16:40In this study, we discussed the control of casting structure to improve the forming and ridging quality of ferritic stainless steels of which the casting structure in the continuous casting process directly affects the final product's quality. For refining the casting structure of ferritic stainless steel, EMS optimization was developed in continuous casting process. Moreover heterogeneous...Go to contribution page
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David San-Martin (CENIM-CSIC)01/10/2019, 08:30Ultrafine grained austenitic microstructures (~280-440 nm) have been obtained after applying isochronal heat treatments (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ºC/s) to a cold-rolled (CR) metastable stainless steel. A detailed investigation has been carried out to characterize the heavily deformed initial microstructure and to understand how the martensite-to-austenite transformation takes place. Several...Go to contribution page
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Ms Andrea Putz (Institute of Materials Sciene, Joining and Forming, TU Graz, Kopernikusgasse 24/I, 8010 Graz, Austria)01/10/2019, 09:00Duplex stainless steels consist of almost equal amounts of austenite and ferrite due to their chemical composition and thermal history. The balanced microstructure of austenitic islands embedded in the ferritic matrix is achieved by solution annealing followed by water quenching to room temperature. Thick-walled plates have locally fairly wide austenite spacing as compared to thin sheets. This...Go to contribution page
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Bernhard Voraberger (Primetals Technologies)01/10/2019, 09:00Numerical simulations like CFD and FEM have constantly evolved in the last decades and nowadays play an important role in the design and development of modern steelmaking converters. Although the flow inside the converter is highly complex and comprises a whole lot of physical phenomena like chemical reactions, heat transfer and the flow of gas bubbles in the liquid melt, it’s possible to...Go to contribution page
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RODRIGO MAGNABOSCO (FEI University)01/10/2019, 09:20Performance of stainless steels (SS) is a direct function of the microstructure, and phase quantification is an important experimental procedure for microstructural characterization. X-ray diffratometry (XRD) is widely used in phase identification of SS, and analysis of the diffracted intensity peaks of the phases allows the determination of their volume fractions. X-ray diffraction...Go to contribution page
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Aurélie Jacob (TU Wien)01/10/2019, 09:20The formation of σ phase in various technological steel grades is crucial for materials properties due to embrittlement caused by the precipitation of σ phase at the grain boundaries. Thus, understanding and prediction of its temperature and composition dependent stability is required, which can be obtained by thermodynamic modeling. Its phase description should represent the correct crystal...Go to contribution page
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Erwin Povoden-Karadeniz (CDL-IPE TU Wien)01/10/2019, 09:40We propose a new thermodynamic model description of carbonitride Cr3Ni2Si(N,C) “eta-phase” with M6C-type structure. Diamond-structured face-centered cubic Cr-Ni-Si Carbonitride eta-phase precipitates have been reported in some Si-containing 20-25 austenitic stainless steel grades [1] and irradiated type 316 [2]. This phase...Go to contribution page
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RODRIGO MAGNABOSCO (FEI University)01/10/2019, 09:40Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are composed of ferrite and austenite in approximately equal amounts combining properties of both phases. Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number “PREN” is a theoretical way to measure pitting corrosion resistance of steels based on the composition of the material. Nevertheless, in a duplex structure the alloy elements may be partitioned between the phases...Go to contribution page
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Stefan Ulrich (Guenter Koehler Institute of Joining and Material Testing)01/10/2019, 10:00The laser welding process is characterized by a high heating and cooling rate as well as large temperature gradients. The dwell time between heating and cooling is minimal. Especially when welding thin-walled (d ≤ 1 mm) duplex stainless steels, the austenite content in the joint zone is reduced. However, a balanced phase ratio of ferrite and austenite combines high levels of mechanical...Go to contribution page
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Mirko Javurek (Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Institut für Strömungslehre und Wärmeüübertragung)01/10/2019, 10:00Electromagnetic stirring in the bending zone of a continuous casting machine is known to increase the amount of equiaxed crystals. A simulation model for the liquid steel flow and temperature under the influence of an electromagnetic stirrer has been developed in order to optimise the design of such a stirrer. The turbulent flow of the liquid steel inside the strand as well as the magnetic...Go to contribution page
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RODRIGO MAGNABOSCO (FEI University)01/10/2019, 10:50In duplex stainless steels (DSS) the desired microstructure after solution heat treatment is a ferritic matrix with austenite islands, maintaining approximately equal amounts of both phases. However, during several manufacturing processes, such as welding, the formation of deleterious phases could happen, and the one of greater influence is the sigma phase, resulting in loss of corrosion...Go to contribution page
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James Oliver (Outokumpu Stainless AB)01/10/2019, 10:50The new duplex steel FDX 27 should be implemented into relevant standards. As for other duplex stainless steel grades, correct solution annealing is one of the most critical aspects for achieving good material properties and a relevant standard in this respect is of great importance for delivery of material with good quality. Testing of high alloyed duplex stainless steels is covered in ASTM...Go to contribution page
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31. LOW TEMPERATURE SURFACE HARDENING OF STAINLESS STEEL; PREDICTING COMPOSITION AND STRESS PROFILESProf. Marcel Somers (Technical University of Denmark)01/10/2019, 11:10The case developing during low temperature surface hardening of austenitic stainless steel by nitriding, carburizing or nitrocarburizing consists of a supersaturated interstitial solid solution of nitrogen and/or carbon in austenite. The favorable wear, fatigue and anti-corrosion properties of this so-called expanded austenite depend on the profiles of interstitial concentration and associated...Go to contribution page
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Claes OLSSON (Sandvik Materials Technology)01/10/2019, 11:10Impact toughness is a key parameter for many applications of duplex stainless steels. Conventional parameters that are known to have a strong influance on macro properties include phase fraction and austenite spacing. In this paper, we illustrate how image analysis can be used to extract new parameters and demonstrate that these parameters have an even stronger correlation to macro properties...Go to contribution page
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Andreas Keplinger (voestalpine BÖHLER Edelstahl GmbH & Co KG)01/10/2019, 11:30Duplex stainless steels combine excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, while simultaneously maintaining lower alloying costs than comparable types of stainless steels. Consequently, they are in frequent use in various types of highly demanding applications, like Oil&Gas, chemical processing and desalination plants. An increasing amount of alloying elements, as used in Super...Go to contribution page
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Mr Richard Stadlmayr (Primetals Technologies Austria)01/10/2019, 11:30The demand in stainless and special steel products is growing continuously and there is a clear trend to new steel grades with higher tensile stresses, tight quality margins and new material properties observable. On the other hand the raw material situation tends in opposite direction, which means the steel producers are forced to process less sorted raw materials as well as more oxydic...Go to contribution page
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Benjamin Wittig (Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg)01/10/2019, 11:50**Abstract** For the successful welding of high-alloy and corrosion-resistant duplex stainless steels, a number of welding recommendations have been established over the past decades which guarantee the required material-specific properties of the welds. These include, inter alia, compliance with defined heat input and interpass temperatures as well as the use of filler metals over-alloyed...Go to contribution page
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Maria Carolina Payares-Asprino (Norwich University)01/10/2019, 11:50Dual phase duplex stainless steel comprised with ferrite and austenite performance shows its strength and corrosion resistance in many aggressive environments based on outstanding performance in the last years. The current worldwide rapid growth, demand, and consumption of duplex stainless steel, particularly in petrochemical, marine, power plant, food industry and other engineering...Go to contribution page
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Sonja Felber (Institute for Building Construction and Technology, Vienna University of Technology)01/10/2019, 12:10ABSTRACT Today the duplex-steel 1.4462 is often used for flow-lines and a lot of money is spent worldwide into finding the right joining process for the circumferential welds of these pipes. A worldwide central collection of welding variables and their efficient processing could result in a prediction of the mechanical properties and fracture mechanical values out of the data of the...Go to contribution page
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RODRIGO MAGNABOSCO (FEI University)01/10/2019, 12:10The aim of the present work is to perform computational simulations of the equilibrium and phase transformation kinetics of a superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750 in two different heat treatment cycles: i) during heating to 1250°C from its initial duplex condition, or ii) during heating at temperatures for duplex structure from the equilibrium microstructure obtained at 1250°C solution...Go to contribution page
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Christian Schwingenschlögl (ANDRITZ AG)01/10/2019, 14:00State of the art metal processing lines need to suit to customer requirements, which are driven by short commissioning periods, fast start-up curves, large material flow rates and high demands in product quality. Projects in the past have shown that already minor problems encountered in engineering phase have big impact to meet these requirements. To solve engineering problems during...Go to contribution page
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Julia Contreras Fortes (ACERINOX EUROPA, SAU)01/10/2019, 14:00The duplex stainless steel family is widely used in many structural applications due to its high mechanical resistance with a yield stress of about two times the austenitic’s and its outstanding corrosion resistance. An example of this is the grade EN-1.4462 with a yield stress value usually higher than 450 N/mm2 and the tensile strength value between 650 and 880 N/mm2. Another important...Go to contribution page
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Anthony Nicholas Grundy (Thermo-Calc Software, Citizen Space Zurich, Heinrichstrasse 267, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland)01/10/2019, 14:20The prediction of alloying effects on phase equilibria and transformations in advanced stainless steels and in particular duplex stainless steels is complicated. This makes computational thermodynamics and kinetics an indispensable tool for the materials industry. It has been successfully deployed in the alloy development of steels for decades and continuously developed towards use in more and...Go to contribution page
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Philipp Schuler (Institute for Materials System Technology Thurgau at the University of Applied Sciences Konstanz)01/10/2019, 14:20Austenitic stainless steels have a very good combination of mechanical properties e.g. formability associated with corrosion resistance. Due to the cubic face-centered lattice at room temperature, these steels are not magnetizable and a conventional hardening is not possible. Due to the low hardness, these steels are not optimal for tribological stress and in many cases show low performance....Go to contribution page
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Johan Pilhagen (Outokumpu Stainless, R&D Avesta, Sweden)01/10/2019, 14:40**Abstract:** In the design of steel structure, the avoidance of brittle fracture is of great importance as e.g. steel bridges are exposed to low temperatures and fatigue loads. In the supplementary rules for the design of stainless steel structures in the European standard EN 1993-1-4 as part of the Eurocode 3-familiy, toughness requirements for stainless steels are given. However, the...Go to contribution page
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Arnulf Hörtnagl (Institute for Materials System Technology Thurgau)01/10/2019, 14:40The influence of surface roughness and local defects on pitting susceptibility of type 304 (UNS S30400) and type 301 (UNS S30100) in chloride solution were investigated. Because the mechanical properties can be regarded as decisive for the aachieved surface quality, different properties of the base material were obtained by cold rolling the metastable austenites. This was done before the...Go to contribution page
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Claudio Gennari (University of Padova)01/10/2019, 15:00It is well known that increasing the temperature soften the materials and increase its formability. This could be done in many ways, one of which is by joule heating. In the late fifties, an enhancement of formability for certain alloys, when heated by electrical current compared to traditional heating method, has been observed . This led the researcher to investigate the effect of electrical...Go to contribution page
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Thomas L. Christiansen (Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Mechanical Engineering)01/10/2019, 15:00High temperature solution nitriding (HTSN) of stainless steel was originally developed by Prof. Berns in the early 1990s and is in many aspects the “stainless” analogue to carburizing of steels. The process entails dissolution of nitrogen in stainless steel at temperatures above, say, 1050°C, from an atmosphere consisting of molecular nitrogen at a fixed partial pressure. Austenitic, ferritic,...Go to contribution page
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Mr Hans Peintinger (QuinLogic GmbH)01/10/2019, 15:20Over the past decades, huge volumes of quality data collected through continuous and regular monitoring of individual processing lines from the rolling industry have been accumulated. Now is the time to reap returns on past investments made in expensive and precise quality measuring equipment. These data await being put to better use. Any anomalous or divergent quality data require an...Go to contribution page
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Vahid A Hosseini (Department of Engineering Science, University West)01/10/2019, 15:20Super duplex stainless steels (SDSS) combine superior mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance, which makes them an attractive choice for demanding applications. The welding of SDSS, however, is more challenging than for standard and lean duplex stainless steels as the desired balanced ferrite fraction sometimes is conflicting with the more rapid formation of deleterious phases in...Go to contribution page
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Rudolf Vallant (Graz University of Technology)01/10/2019, 16:10Electrochemical polarisation tests using a three-electrode set up (reference-working-counter electrode) were performed to evaluate the corrosion and the pitting potential as well as the corrosion rate in a 0.5 molar NaCl solution of Selective Laser Melted (SLM) S316L specimens. The evaluation of the corrosion potential (OCP) showing the lowest tendency to corrode for the polished SLM surface....Go to contribution page
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Sten Wessman (Swerim AB)01/10/2019, 16:10Stainless steels are high-alloyed, usually with multiple components and often also dual matrix phases, as for duplex stainless steels. This makes predictions and calculations of alloying effects on equilibria and phase transformations a challenge. Computational thermodynamics has emerged as an indispensable tool for calculations within these complex systems on predictions of equilibria and...Go to contribution page
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Borut Žužek (Institute of metals and technology)01/10/2019, 16:30SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel has good corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, weldability at relatively low price. But it is susceptible to sigma phase precipitation. The sigma phase is a hard and brittle intermetallic phase that occurs in the Fe.-Cr system. The temperature range from 600 to 950 °C is critical for the sigma phase precipitation. The effects of time and temperature on the...Go to contribution page
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Mr Francisco Javier Perosanz (CIEMAT)01/10/2019, 16:30In view of the increasing pressures to reduce greenhouse gases, and in general the use of coal as a fossil fuel it could be expected that the future of coal-based power plants be very short. However, the technical solutions provided to improve the efficiency, as well as the improvements in the technology of production and capture of CO2 have made the IGCC and IGFC plants back on paper as a...Go to contribution page
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Michael Davies (Nickel Institute)01/10/2019, 16:50**This paper will focus on the use of nickel in stainless steels and nickel alloys in preventing corrosion in severe applications within the chemical process and related industries. It will begin with an overview of the available nickel-containing alloys and discuss conditions under which they should be used. The role of nickel in these alloys will be explained. It will also summarize their...Go to contribution page
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Ulrich Meyn (MKN Technologies GmbH)01/10/2019, 16:50Several disposal options exist for waste products from steelmaking operations. The production of Cr-containing steels requires specific attention since slags and dust generated in melting processes often contain water-soluble Cr(VI). Due to the toxicity of hexavalent Cr landfill options are usually not considered feasible. Regulators apply concentration limits in respective leachates....Go to contribution page
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Thomas Steinparzer (Primetals Technologies Austria)01/10/2019, 17:10Environmental protection and energy efficiency have become a decisive factor for steel producers over the recent years. Existing as well as new plants have to comply with the most stringent environmental regulations set by national and local governments. It is a global trend that emission and energy efficiency standards are lowered worldwide. Primetals Technologies has a vast experience in...Go to contribution page
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Anton Trautmann (Montanuniversitaet Leoben)01/10/2019, 17:10Microbiological methanation is investigated in an underground natural gas reservoir. Since H2 is involved in the process, hydrogen embrittlement of steel must inevitably be considered. Therefore, a routine for testing has been developed and a unique autoclave test bench was designed to simulate field conditions. The 2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S31803) was investigated. Constant load...Go to contribution page
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Daniel Fussek (ANDRITZ AG)01/10/2019, 17:30A large variety of surface treatment processes is applied in stainless steel pickling. Mixed acid containing hydrofluoric and nitric acid is used as a standard treatment for hot and cold rolled material. The metal-fluorides and -nitrates from the waste acid can be pyrohydrolyzed by the Andritz Pyromars process. The recovered acid is recycled into the pickling process and the metal oxides are...Go to contribution page
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Fritz Kopin (ANDRITZ Sundwig GmbH)01/10/2019, 17:30It is time for the brandnew Sundwig MonoBlock. The 20-roll mill is the perfect combination of engineering, effectiveness und service. As a milestone in cold rolling technology the Sundwig MonoBlock will help you to be even more successful in your business. Experience the Sundwig MonoBlock!Go to contribution page
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Prof. Gregor Mori (Montanuniversitaet Leoben)02/10/2019, 08:30Oral PresentationPassive layers determine corrosion properties of stainless steels. Passive film structure, thickness and defect density is important to understand localised corrosion phenomena such as pitting, crevice and intergranular corrosion. The very limited thickness of passive films - in many cases in a range of a few nanometers - makes them difficult to visualise and to investigate them directly. The...Go to contribution page
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Matthias Sorg (Institute for Materials System Technology Thurgau)02/10/2019, 09:00In the areas of protection against falling rocks and the protection of fish in aquaculture, there are good opportunities for the use of stainless steels to ensure a sustainable use of materials. As a result of increasing needs and shrinking resources, aquaculture is gaining progressively significance in the recent years. Ecological issues such as negative effects on the ecological system due...Go to contribution page
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Jaka Burja (Institute of Metals and Technology)02/10/2019, 09:00The 17-4 PH is a precipitation hardening stainless steel with good mechanical and corrosion properties. Mechanical properties strongly depend on the heat treatment of the steel, namely, the isothermal ageing process. The formation of Cu-rich precipitates dictate the steel hardness, as they start to form the hardness rises, they coarsening however causes a substantial drop in hardness. However...Go to contribution page
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Dr Herrera Clara (Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Specialty Steel GmbH & Co. KG)02/10/2019, 09:20Conventional martensitic stainless steels for use in bearings, stainless tools or cutlery require high carbon and chromium contents in order to achieve the desired properties. However, they are prone to precipitate coarse carbides, which is a drawback in strength and corrosion properties. High nitrogen martensitic stainless steels with a fine dispersion of carbides or nitrides, that show high...Go to contribution page
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Jun-ichi Hamada (Nippon Steel & Sumikin Stainless Steel Corporation, Research & Development Center)02/10/2019, 09:20From the viewpoint of initial rust measures of the automotive exhaust system, an application of various type of ferritic stainless steel sheets is carried out. In addition, the replace from C-steel sheet to ferritic stainless steel sheet are promoted from the viewpoint of initial rust characteristics-resistant in the flange part. When the automobile is transported particularly on the sea, the...Go to contribution page
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Chikako Takushima (Nippon Steel & Sumikin Stainless Steel Corporation, Research & Development Center)02/10/2019, 09:40For mileage improvement and purification of exhaust gas, a high temperature exhaust gas and lightweight vehicle body are required. The heat-resistance of austenitic stainless steel is superior to ferritic stainless steel for the automotive exhaust manifold of a high-temperature exhaust gas engine and turbocharger systems at temperatures above 900°C. In turbocharger systems in particular, the...Go to contribution page
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Chiara Tibollo (Technical University of Denmark)02/10/2019, 09:40In the present work high and low temperature (surface) hardening of X30Cr13 (AISI 420) martensitic stainless steel is addressed. High temperature solution nitriding (HTSN) was performed on thin specimens for obtaining a uniform distribution of nitrogen over the specimen thickness, reflecting the equilibrium nitrogen solubility. Three different nitrogen pressures were analysed, leading to three...Go to contribution page
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Antti Järvenpää (University of Oulu / Kerttu Saalasti Institute / FMT-group)02/10/2019, 10:00In recent years numerous studies have demonstrated that a short reversion annealing following cold rolling is an efficient method to refine the grain size of metastable austenitic stainless steels down to a micron-scale. Commercial grades such as EN 1.4310 (AISI 301) and EN 1.4318 (AISI 301LN), EN 1.4371 (AISI 201L) have been found suitable for the treatment. In addition to resistance heating...Go to contribution page
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Dariusz Dyja (Rybnik Engineering Center, Tenneco Automotive)02/10/2019, 10:00Summary: Increased interest in light-weight solutions for exhaust systems drives the need for application of thin-walled elements, and in consequence using more and more advanced materials. However, welding of thin-wall parts made of highly alloyed austenitic steels can result in hot cracking in heat affected zone. The paper discusses weldability of highly alloyed 1.4539 grade with the...Go to contribution page
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Dr Il-Chan Jung (POSCO STS Research group)02/10/2019, 10:50The design of an exhaust system has become complicated due to exhaust gas regulation and fuel economy improvement. Therefore ferritic stainless steels for automotive exhaust system should have higher formabilities such as deep drawability and pipe bendability in order to avoid crack during manufacturing automotive parts. Recently, a high formable ferritic stainless steel has been developed for...Go to contribution page
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Cecilie Vase Funch (Technical University of Denmark)02/10/2019, 10:50Additive manufacturing (AM) of austenitic stainless steel has been shown to be capable of producing samples with a unique combination of high strength and ductility. This increase in yield strength without the conventional ductility trade-off is usually attributed to the non-equilibrium, hierarchical microstructure produced by AM, particularly the cellular subgrain structures and dislocation...Go to contribution page
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Paavo Hooli (Senior Adviser)02/10/2019, 11:10Quality of stainless steel semi-products is important for the cost-efficient production of final products. Yield losses due to the excessive grinding, losses due to the down-grading or scrapping the whole semi-finished product may impair the profitability of the production. By monitoring the surface quality of the hot slabs during the casting on line, it is possible to get valuable information...Go to contribution page
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Dr Bernd Kuhn (Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Insitute of Energy and Climate Reserach (IEK), Microstructure and Properties of Materials (IEK-2))02/10/2019, 11:10In numerous branches ferritic-martensitic steels are operated close to their application limits today. The advancement of thermal power generation efficiency for example was governed for decades by the further development of the ferritic-martensitic (FM) 9 - 12 Cr steel grades, which enabled a rise of appr. 120 °C in live steam temperature over a period of 60 years, but stagnates since the...Go to contribution page
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Emilie H. Valente (Technical University of Denmark)02/10/2019, 11:30Due to the high cooling rates and layer by layer building characteristics of the additive manufacturing (AM) process Selective Laser Melting (SLM), the as-fabricated parts can contain strongly inhomogeneous microstructures, porosities, rough surfaces and residual stresses. For example, the as-fabricated microstructure of SLM 316L typically consists of elongated austenite grains with a cellular...Go to contribution page
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Mamdouh Eissa (Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute (CMRDI))02/10/2019, 11:50High strength medium carbon austenitic stainless steels have been developed through partial and total replacement of nickel by nitrogen. Stainless steels containing 0.4% carbon with different combinations of nickel and nitrogen were produced in 10kg induction furnace under different nitrogen pressures. The produced stainless steels were cast and hot forged and the total nitrogen was...Go to contribution page
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